Volcanic Basalt and Papal Hegemony: The Defensive Urbanism of Rocca Monaldeschi and Montefiascone Citadel Rising from the fractured rim of Europe’s largest volcanic caldera, the fortresses of Bolsena and Montefiascone represent a singular convergence of geological fortune and geopolitical calculation. Basalt and trachytic tufa quarried from Vulsini eruptions millions of […]