Japanese castle architecture

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The Geometry of the Malatesta and Montefeltro Shield: Renaissance Bastion Evolution, Scarped Bulwarks, and Francesco di Giorgio Martini’s Inventions at the Fortress of San Leo Rimini

July 11, 2026 in Emilia Romagna, Cultural Heritage, World Heritage

The Geometry of the Malatesta and Montefeltro Shield: Renaissance Bastion Evolution, Scarped Bulwarks, and Francesco di Giorgio Martini’s Inventions at the Fortress of San Leo Perched on an isolated rock promontory above the Val Marecchia, the Fortress of San Leo encodes in its layered masonry the transformation that early gunpowder […]

The Geometry of Defiance: Francesco di Giorgio Martini’s Ballistic Engineering at Mondavio Pesaro

July 4, 2026 in Marche, Cultural Heritage, World Heritage

The Geometry of Defiance: Francesco di Giorgio Martini’s Ballistic Engineering at Mondavio Among the fortresses commissioned across the Duchy of Urbino in the final decades of the fifteenth century, the Mondavio Fortress — known in Italian as the Rocca Roveresca di Mondavio — occupies a singular position: it is the […]