The Longobard Shield of Salerno: Engineering the Bastions of Castello di San Severino Perched on a Picentine ridge spur above the convergence of the Sarno, Irno, and Irpinian valley routes, Sanseverino Castle—Castello di San Severino—preserves one of the most layered records of early medieval military engineering in southern Italy. From […]
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The Vertical Defenses of the Pescara Gateways: Analyzing the Bastions of Loreto Aprutino Rising above the Tavo Valley on a hill of active clay-and-marl geology, Loreto Aprutino held one of the Pescara hinterland’s most consequential defensive positions for over a millennium. Byzantine sources named the settlement Lauretum and placed it […]
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