Liquid Defenses: The Lacustrine Bastions and Stone Fortifications of the Castelli di Cannero Two small rocky outcrops rising from the northern reaches of Lake Maggiore carry nearly eight hundred years of political violence, engineering ingenuity, and romantic mythology. The Castelli di Cannero — successive constructions spanning a medieval tower fortress, […]
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The Geometry of the Malatesta and Montefeltro Shield: Renaissance Bastion Evolution, Scarped Bulwarks, and Francesco di Giorgio Martini’s Inventions at the Fortress of San Leo Perched on an isolated rock promontory above the Val Marecchia, the Fortress of San Leo encodes in its layered masonry the transformation that early gunpowder […]
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The Vertical Defenses of the Pescara Gateways: Analyzing the Bastions of Loreto Aprutino Rising above the Tavo Valley on a hill of active clay-and-marl geology, Loreto Aprutino held one of the Pescara hinterland’s most consequential defensive positions for over a millennium. Byzantine sources named the settlement Lauretum and placed it […]
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